Cryptography
Encryption vs Encoding vs Hashing: What Each One Does
Separate encoding, encryption and hashing with Base64, SHA-256 and OpenSSL labs. Learn why Base64 is not protection and hashes are one-way.
Beginner9 min read
Cryptography
From the Caesar cipher to hashes, keys and signatures, with code you can run.
Cryptography
Public and Private Keys Explained: Signatures You Can Verify
Public and private keys from zero: what a signature proves, why the private key stays secret, and an Ed25519 lab where a changed file fails.
Beginner9 min read
Cryptography
What Is Cryptography? Encryption, Keys, Hashes, and Everyday Examples
Cryptography from zero: encryption, keys, hashes, signatures, and why a Caesar cipher teaches ideas but protects nothing.
Beginner5 min read
Cryptography
What Is the Caesar Cipher? A Simple Example and Why It Is Insecure
The Caesar cipher shifts each letter a fixed number of places. Encrypt HELLO to KHOOR by hand, reverse it, and see why it fails.
Beginner4 min read
Cryptography
Caesar Cipher in Python: Encrypt and Decrypt Text Step by Step
Build a Caesar cipher in Python, test it with unittest, and see why this shift cipher gives no real secrecy.
Beginner5 min read
Cryptography
Passwords and Hashing with Argon2id
Why fast hashes fail for passwords, what salts and work factors do, and how to hash and verify with Argon2id in Python using argon2-cffi.
Intermediate10 min read
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